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How are conciliation cases handled in the Paraguayan judicial system and when is this method of dispute resolution encouraged?
In Paraguay, conciliation cases are handled through Law No. 1,285/98, which regulates the mediation and conciliation process. Conciliation is an alternative dispute resolution method in which an impartial third party facilitates dialogue between the parties to reach a voluntary agreement. This approach is especially encouraged in civil and commercial cases before they go to trial. The courts can refer the parties to a conciliation process, and there are specialized mediation and conciliation centers. Conciliation seeks to save time and costs, promote mutually acceptable solutions, and alleviate the workload of the courts.
What is the situation of scientific research in El Salvador in areas such as biomedicine and technology?
Scientific research in El Salvador in areas such as biomedicine and technology faces challenges in terms of financing, infrastructure, and international collaboration, although progress has been made in scientific projects and publications.
What are the tax obligations for independent workers in Chile?
Independent workers in Chile have certain tax obligations. They must issue fee receipts for the services provided and pay the corresponding income tax. In addition, they must make the corresponding pension contributions to access social security, either through the mandatory contribution regime or a voluntary regime. They must also declare and pay value added tax (VAT) if they exceed certain income thresholds. It is advisable to keep adequate records of income and expenses and have the advice of an accountant to comply with these obligations.
How are resources and financing of judicial processes managed in Panama?
The resources and financing of judicial processes in Panama are the responsibility of the Judicial Branch. The budget is allocated to ensure the proper functioning of the justice system, including the necessary infrastructure and personnel.
What is the minimum age to be charged with a crime in Panama?
In Panama, the minimum age to be charged with a crime is 12 years old. Minors under that age are subject to protective measures and cannot be prosecuted as adults.
What are the laws and sanctions related to the crime of slander in Chile?
In Chile, slander is considered a crime and is punishable by the Penal Code. This crime involves falsely accusing a person of a crime or conduct that could harm their reputation. Sanctions for slander can include prison sentences and fines, depending on the severity of the crime and the consequences caused.
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